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| Algeria |
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| Introduction | Algeria |
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Background: |
After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), has dominated politics ever since. Many Algerians in the subsequent generation were not satisfied, however, and moved to counter the FLN's centrality in Algerian politics. The surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting spurred the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crack down on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. The government later allowed elections featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based parties, but did not appease the activists who progressively widened their attacks. The fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense fighting between 1992-1998 and which resulted in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. However, small numbers of armed militants persist in confronting government forces and conducting ambushes and occasional attacks on villages. The army placed Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA in the presidency in 1999 in a fraudulent election but claimed neutrality in his 2004 landslide reelection victory. A number of longstanding problems continue to face BOUTEFLIKA in his second term, including the ethnic minority Berbers' ongoing autonomy campaign, large-scale unemployment, a shortage of housing, unreliable electrical and water supplies, government inefficiencies and corruption, and the continuing - although significantly degraded - activities of extremist militants. Algeria must also diversify its petroleum-based economy, which has yielded a large cash reserve but which has not been used to redress Algeria's many social and infrastructure problems. Algeria assumed a two-year seat on the UN Security Council in January 2004. |
| Geography | Algeria |
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Location: |
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia |
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Geographic coordinates: |
28 00 N, 3 00 E |
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Map references: |
Africa |
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Area: |
total: 2,381,740 sq km
water: 0 sq km land: 2,381,740 sq km |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas |
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Land boundaries: |
total: 6,343 km
border countries: Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km |
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Coastline: |
998 km |
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Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm |
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Climate: |
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer |
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Terrain: |
mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Chott
Melrhir -40 m highest point: Tahat 3,003 m |
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Natural resources: |
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc |
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Land use: |
arable land: 3.22%
permanent crops: 0.25% other: 96.53% (2001) |
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Irrigated land: |
5,600 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season |
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Environment - current issues: |
soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note: |
second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) |
| People | Algeria |
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Population: |
32,129,324 (July 2004 est.) |
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 29.9% (male
4,893,971; female 4,705,933) 15-64 years: 65.5% (male 10,593,840; female 10,443,300) 65 years and over: 4.6% (male 703,420; female 788,860) (2004 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 23.8 years
male: 23.7 years female: 24 years (2004 est.) |
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Population growth rate: |
1.28% (2004 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
17.76 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
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Death rate: |
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
-0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 32.16
deaths/1,000 live births female: 28.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 36.06 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 72.74
years male: 71.22 years female: 74.34 years (2004 est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
2.04 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.1% note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
9,100 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 500 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality: |
noun: Algerian(s)
adjective: Algerian |
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Ethnic groups: |
Arab-Berber 99%, European less
than 1% note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algeirs; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools |
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Religions: |
Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% |
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Languages: |
Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write total population: 70% male: 78.8% female: 61% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Algeria |
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria conventional short form: Algeria local short form: Al Jaza'ir local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah |
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Government type: |
republic |
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Capital: |
Algiers |
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Administrative divisions: |
48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen |
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Independence: |
5 July 1962 (from France) |
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National holiday: |
Revolution Day, 1 November (1954) |
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Constitution: |
19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996 |
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Legal system: |
socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28 April 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held NA April 2009); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS 6.4%, Abdallah DJABALLAH 5% |
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Legislative branch: |
bicameral Parliament consists
of the National People's Assembly or Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani (389
seats - changed from 380 seats in the 2002 elections; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Council of Nations (Senate)
(144 seats; one-third of the members appointed by the president,
two-thirds elected by indirect vote; members serve six-year terms; the
constitution requires half the council to be renewed every three years)
elections: National People's Assembly - last held 30 May 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); Council of Nations (Senate) - last held 30 December 2003 (next to be held NA 2009) election results: National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 199, RND 48, Islah 43, MSP 38, PT 21, FNA 8, EnNahda 1, PRA 1, MEN 1, independents 29; Council of Nations - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party NA |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Court Supreme |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Algerian National Front or FNA
[Moussa TOUATI]; Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA,
chairman]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali
BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR (self-exiled in Germany)];
National Entente Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National Liberation
Front or FLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general (also serves as
Foreign Minister)]; National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN)
[Abdellah DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine TERKMANE];
Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and
Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general]; Renaissance Movement or
EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed
KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary
general (self-exiled in Switzerland)]; Society of Peace Movement or MSP
[Boujerra SOLTANI]; Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN] note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997 |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
The Algerian Human Rights League or LADH or LADDH [Yahia Ali ABDENOUR]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]; Somoud [Ali MERABET] |
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International organization participation: |
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador (vacant) chancery: 2137 Wyoming Ave NW, Washington, DC 20008 FAX: [1] (202) 667-2174 telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Richard W. ERDMAN embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers mailing address: B. P. 408, Alger-Gare, 16030 Algiers telephone: [213] (21) 691-425/255/186 FAX: [213] (21) 69-39-79 |
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Flag description: |
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) |
| Economy | Algeria |
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Economy - overview: |
The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the seventh-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the second-largest gas exporter; it ranks 14th in oil reserves. Economic policy reforms supported by the IMF and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club in the past decade have helped improve Algeria's financial and macroeconomic indicators. Because of sustained high oil prices in the past three years, Algeria's finances have further benefited from substantial trade surpluses and record foreign exchange reserves. Real GDP has risen due to higher oil output and increased government spending. The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector, however, has had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards. Structural reform within the economy moves ahead slowly. |
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GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $196 billion (2003 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate: |
7.4% (2003 est.) |
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GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2003 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 10.2%
industry: 56.5% services: 33.4% (2003) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
24.8% of GDP (2003) |
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Population below poverty line: |
23% (1999 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 26.8% (1995) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
35.3 (1995) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
3.5% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force: |
9.6 million (2003) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 14%, industry 13.4%, construction and public works 10%, trade 14.6%, government 32%, other 16% (2003 est.) |
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Unemployment rate: |
26.2% (2003 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $25.49 billion
expenditures: $22.87 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.8 billion (2003 est.) |
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Public debt: |
41.5% of GDP (2003 est.) |
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Agriculture - products: |
wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits; sheep, cattle |
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Industries: |
petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
6% (2003 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
24.69 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption: |
22.9 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports: |
340 million kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports: |
275 million kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production: |
1.52 million bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption: |
209,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports: |
NA (2001) |
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Oil - imports: |
NA (2001) |
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Oil - proved reserves: |
13.1 billion bbl (1 January 2002) |
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Natural gas - production: |
80.3 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption: |
22.32 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports: |
57.98 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves: |
4.739 trillion cu m (1 January 2002) |
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Current account balance: |
$7.836 billion (2003) |
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Exports: |
$24.96 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97% |
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Exports - partners: |
Italy 19.5%, US 18.5%, France 13.6%, Spain 11.2%, Canada 6.2%, Belgium 5.1%, Brazil 4.9% (2003) |
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Imports: |
$12.42 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods |
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Imports - partners: |
France 30.9%, Italy 9.6%, Spain 6.1%, Germany 5.5%, China 4.6%, Turkey 4.1% (2003) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: |
$33.42 billion (2003) |
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Debt - external: |
$22.71 billion (2003 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient: |
$182 million (2001 est.) |
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Currency: |
Algerian dinar (DZD) |
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Currency code: |
DZD |
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Exchange rates: |
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 77.395 (2003), 79.6819 (2002), 77.215 (2001), 75.2598 (2000), 66.5739 (1999) |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
| Communications | Algeria |
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Telephones - main lines in use: |
2,199,600 (2003) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
1,447,310 (2003) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
telephone density in Algeria is very low, not exceeding five telephones
per 100 persons; the number of fixed main lines increased in the last few
years to a little more than 2,000,000, but only about two-thirds of these
have subscribers; much of the infrastructure is outdated and inefficient
domestic: good service in north but sparse in south; domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic earth stations are planned) international: country code - 213; 5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat (1998) |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 25, FM 1, shortwave 8 (1999) |
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Radios: |
7.1 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
46 (plus 216 repeaters) (1995) |
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Televisions: |
3.1 million (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.dz |
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Internet hosts: |
897 (2004) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
2 (2000) |
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Internet users: |
500,000 (2002) |
| Transportation | Algeria |
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Railways: |
total: 3,973 km
standard gauge: 2,888 km 1.435-m gauge (283 km electrified) narrow gauge: 1,085 km 1.055-m gauge (2003) |
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Highways: |
total: 104,000 km
paved: 71,656 km (including 640 km of expressways) unpaved: 32,344 km (1999) |
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Pipelines: |
condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas 2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2004) |
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Ports and harbors: |
Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Beni Saf, Dellys, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda, Tenes |
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Merchant marine: |
total: 59 ships (1,000
GRT or over) 837,676 GRT/929,847 DWT by type: bulk 9, cargo 16, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas 10, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea/passenger 4, specialized tanker 1 foreign-owned: United Kingdom 4 registered in other countries: 4 (2004 est.) |
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Airports: |
137 (2003 est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 52 over 3,047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 85 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.) 914 to 1,523 m: 38 |
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Heliports: |
1 (2003 est.) |
| Military | Algeria |
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Military branches: |
People's National Army (ANP; includes Ground Forces), Algerian National Navy (ANN), Air Force (QJA), Territorial Air Defense |
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Military manpower - military age and obligation: |
19-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (October 2003) |
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Military manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49: 9,311,747 (2004 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49: 5,675,739 (2004 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 373,235 (2004 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$2,196.6 million (2003) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
3.5% (2003) |
| Transnational Issues | Algeria |
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Disputes - international: |
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations; each nation has accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve relations afer unilaterally imposing a visa requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons: |
refugees (country of
origin): 165,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi, mostly living in
Algerian-sponsored camps in the southeastern Algerian town of Tindouf)
IDPs: 100,000 - 200,000 (conflict between government forces, Islamic insurgents) (2004) |
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